Introduction: With consumer and governmental pressure to reduce transport CO2 emissions, automotive manufacturers are spending vast sums of money on developing alternatively-fuelled vehicles. EVs and associated hybrids have seen a number of manufacturers’ products launched or about to be launched.

One of the additional benefits of having increasingly large numbers of EVs is the potential to assist the grid in load and frequency management.

Objectives: The aim of this project is to investigate the potential of battery-powered vehicles to use their excess rechargeable battery capacity to provide power to the grid in response to peak load demands.